Faked photos are nothing new. Even with film and negatives, it was possible, with the right darkroom equipment and some skill and creativity, to remove people from images, for example, or to combine a jackrabbit and an antelope to create a gag “jackalope” postcard. Nor is photography for political purposes new. In 1840, Hippolyte Bayard, one of the earliest photographers, staged a picture of himself as a drowned man because he thought his work was not given proper recognition by the French government.
“But the scale of faking and manipulating is so much greater now in the environment of the pixel, which invites alteration,” said Fred Ritchin, the author of “In Our Own Image: The Coming Revolution in Photography” (Aperture, 1999).
[...] Many doctored photos are just funny, like the one of a man hoisting what appears to be a 90-pound cat. But David Mikkelson, who with his wife, Barbara, runs Snopes.com, an online repository and debunker of urban legends and hoaxes, including some composite photos, said that sometimes fake images strike a chord because they reflect a certain reality. “People are making caricatures based on existing conceptions,” he said. “This helps them spread far and wide.”
[...] Owen Franken, 57, a photographer in Paris who took the original photograph of Ms. Fonda in 1972, was so incensed by the fakery that he said he was “trying to figure out how to sue people about it.” And officials at Corbis, which sells licenses for both of the originals, are investigating the possibility of copyright violations.
[...] Images can also create their own version of reality. David King, author of “The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin’s Russia” (Henry Holt & Company, 1997), said that point was brought home to him years ago by a well-known 1920 photograph of Lenin with the writer Maxim Gorky. “It’s just the two of them standing there together,” he said. In 1972, Mr. King found the original print of the photo in an antiquarian bookshop in Amsterdam and saw that it contained more than 20 other people. “They were all wiped out,” he said.
When Mr. King showed the original photo to Russian friends, they looked at him quizzically. “They thought I had put people into the picture,” he said “It had become such an imprint on the Soviet mind.”
[...] Indeed, a manipulated image, which is often more powerful than the sum of its parts, can affect not just visual perception but opinions as well. While declining to discuss the Kerry-Fonda composite specifically because the incident is under investigation, David Green, senior corporate counsel at Corbis, said that the company vigorously pursues all copyright violations.
To that end, the company, which is owned by Microsoft’s chairman, Bill Gates, places not only a visible watermark on the 3.5 million images available at its Web site, but also a digital watermark.
[...] As the Kerry-Fonda composite demonstrates, no amount of legal language or sophisticated tracking can deter someone who is determined to distort an image.